Learning Transferable Negative Prompts for Out-of-Distribution Detection

Abstract

Existing prompt learning methods have shown certain capabilities in Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection but the lack of OOD images in the target dataset in their training can lead to mismatches between OOD images and In-Distribution (ID) categories resulting in a high false positive rate. To address this issue we introduce a novel OOD detection method named 'NegPrompt' to learn a set of negative prompts each representing a negative connotation of a given class label for delineating the boundaries between ID and OOD images. It learns such negative prompts with ID data only without any reliance on external outlier data. Further current methods assume the availability of samples of all ID classes rendering them ineffective in open-vocabulary learning scenarios where the inference stage can contain novel ID classes not present during training. In contrast our learned negative prompts are transferable to novel class labels. Experiments on various ImageNet benchmarks show that NegPrompt surpasses state-of-the-art prompt-learning-based OOD detection methods and maintains a consistent lead in hard OOD detection in closed- and open-vocabulary classification scenarios. Code is available at https://github.com/mala-lab/negprompt.