Dimension-Free Score Matching and Time Bootstrapping for Diffusion Models

Abstract

Diffusion models generate samples by estimating the score function of the target distribution at various noise levels. The model is trained using samples drawn from the target distribution, progressively adding noise. Previous sample complexity bounds have a polynomial dependence on the dimension $d$, apart from $\log({|\mathcal{H}|})$, where $\mathcal{H}$ is the hypothesis class. In this work, we establish the first (nearly) dimension-free sample complexity bounds, modulo any dependence due to $\log( |\mathcal{H}|)$, for learning these score functions, achieving a double exponential improvement in dimension over prior results. A key aspect of our analysis is to use a single function approximator to jointly estimate scores across noise levels, a critical feature in practice which enables generalization across timesteps. We introduce a novel martingale-based error decomposition and sharp variance bounds, enabling efficient learning from dependent data generated by Markov processes, which may be of independent interest. Building on these insights, we propose Bootstrapped Score Matching (BSM), a variance reduction technique that utilizes previously learned scores to improve accuracy at higher noise levels. These results provide crucial insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of diffusion models for generative modeling.