The Relativity of Causal Knowledge

Abstract

Recent advances in *artificial intelligence* reveal the limits of purely predictive systems and call for a shift toward causal *and* collaborative reasoning. Drawing inspiration from the revolution of Grothendieck in mathematics, we introduce the *relativity of causal knowledge*, which posits structural causal models (SCMs) are inherently imperfect, subjective representations embedded within networks of relationships. By leveraging category theory, we arrange SCMs into a functor category and show that their observational and interventional probability measures naturally form convex structures. This result allows us to encode non-intervened SCMs with convex spaces of probability measures. Next, using sheaf theory, we construct the *network sheaf and cosheaf of causal knowledge*. These structures enable the transfer of causal knowledge across the network while incorporating interventional consistency and the perspective of the subjects, ultimately leading to the formal, mathematical definition of *relative causal knowledge*.